百萬PV架構

●先了解一下什么是PV
PV（page view）即頁面瀏覽量，通常是衡量一個網絡新聞頻道或網站甚至一條網絡新聞的主要指標。網頁瀏覽數是評價網站流量最常用的指標之一，簡稱為PV。監測網站PV的變化趨勢和分析其變化原因是很多站長定期要做的工作。 Page Views中的Page一般是指普通的html網頁，也包含php、jsp等動態產生的html內容。來自瀏覽器的一次html內容請求會被看作一個PV，逐漸累計成為PV總數。

●環境及組件介紹

操作系統	IP地址	角色	web組件
Centos7	192.168.70 .136	主服務器	keepalived、nginx、mysql、redis
Centos7	192.168.70.137	從服務器	keepalived、nginx、mysql、redis
Centos7	192.168.70 .134	web后端1	tomcat、項目
Centos7	192.168.70 .132	web后端2	tomcat、項目

●使用的軟件包
nginx1.8.1：http://101.96.10.46/nginx.org/download/nginx-1.8.1.tar.gz
web服務包：https://pan.baidu.com/s/143ZRkqfUxJJIBzO_yz7gPg
密碼：wsgd
mysql解壓版https://pan.baidu.com/s/11b_ccrosT0IPdnXhRrU4yQ
密碼：ruh5

一、主從服務器配置keepalived

1、安裝

[root@localhost ~]# yum install keepalived -y

2、修改keepalive配置文件

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

  ! Configuration File for keepalived    global_defs {       notification_email {           acassen@firewall.loc           failover@firewall.loc           sysadmin@firewall.loc       }       notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc       smtp_server 192.168.70.131      #指向本機       smtp_connect_timeout 30       router_id NGINX_01                   #備機為NGINX_02  }    vrrp_instance VI_1 {          state MASTER                        #備機為BACKUP          interface ens33                       #網卡名稱          virtual_router_id 51                #備機52，不與主相同          priority 100                               #優先級，備機優先級要低于主機          advert_int 1          authentication {                  auth_type PASS                  auth_pass 1111          }          virtual_ipaddress {                  192.168.70.100                #虛擬Ip地址          }  }

==========以下是配置keepalive的順帶著啟動nginx===========
個人看法，不太希望這樣做，因為每兩秒嘗試啟動nginx，nginx會兩秒打一次error日志，提示端口被占用無法啟動，這樣反而造成了不必要的磁盤讀寫。

   Configuration File for keepalived    #定義NGINX啟動腳本位置，每兩秒檢查一次  vrrp_script nginx {                  script "/opt/shell/nginx.sh"                  interval 2  }    #刪除原本內容，添加route_id，備機為NGINX_02  global_defs {                  route_id NGINX_01  }    vrrp_instance VI_1 {          state MASTER    #主機為MASTER          interface ens33 #網卡名稱          virtual_router_id 51    #備機為52          priority 100             #優先級，備機為99          advert_int 1          authentication {                  auth_type PASS                  auth_pass 1111          }  #觸發腳本  track_script {                  nginx  }    #虛擬IP          virtual_ipaddress {                  192.168.70.100          }  }

3、啟動keepalived

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start keepalived.service

4、查看虛擬ip

[root@localhost ~]# ip addr

  1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1      link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00      inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever      inet6 ::1/128 scope host          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever  2: ens33:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000      link/ether 00:0c:29:5b:aa:ce brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff      inet 192.168.70.131/24 brd 192.168.70.255 scope global dynamic ens33         valid_lft 1403sec preferred_lft 1403sec      inet 192.168.70.100/32 scope global ens33         #虛擬ip         valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever      inet6 fe80::49c4:1329:39cd:4427/64 scope link          valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

注：備機也要啟動keepalived，然后關閉主機keepalived，看虛擬Ip會不會漂移到備機。

二、安裝nginx

上傳nginx安裝包至/opt目錄下
1、安裝環境包

[root@localhost opt]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf gd-devel automake zlib zlib-devel openssl openssl-devel pcre*

2、解壓，編譯nginx

[root@localhost opt]# tar zxf nginx-1.8.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost opt]# cd nginx-1.8.1/
[root@localhost nginx-1.8.1]# ./configure
–prefix=/usr/local/nginx
–user=nginx
–group=nginx
–with-http_ssl_module
–with-http_gzip_static_module
–with-http_image_filter_module
–with-http_stub_status_modulev

3、安裝

[root@localhost nginx-1.8.1]# make && make install

4、創建nginx用戶

[root@localhost nginx-1.8.1]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

5、優化命令路徑

[root@localhost nginx-1.8.1]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/

6、添加代理并簡單優化

[root@localhost nginx-1.8.1]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@localhost conf]# vim nginx.conf

  #用戶nginx,單核  user  nginx;  worker_processes  1;    #每個核心連接數2048  events {      worker_connections  2048;  }    http {      include       mime.types;      default_type  application/octet-stream;    #隱藏版本號      server_tokens off;    #sendfile參數用于開啟文件的高效傳輸模式。      sendfile   on;      tcp_nopush on;      tcp_nodelay on;      server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;      server_names_hash_max_size 512;      client_header_timeout 15s;      client_body_timeout 15s;      send_timeout 60s;       keepalive_timeout  65;  #壓縮模塊      gzip  on;      gzip_buffers  4 64k;      gzip_http_version 1.1;      gzip_comp_level 2;      gzip_min_length 1k;      gzip_vary on;      gzip_types text/plain text/javascript application/x-javascript text/css text/xml application/xml applicatin/xml+rss;    #反向代理      upstream tomcat_pool {                  server 192.168.70.134:8080;                  server 192.168.70.132:8080;                  ip_hash;        #會話穩固，防止停留頁面過久導致需要重新登錄。          }          server {                  listen 80;                  server_name 192.168.70.100;     #虛擬Ip                  location / {                          proxy_pass http://tomcat_pool;                          proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;                          expires 1d;                  }          }        server {          listen       80;          server_name  localhost;            location / {              root   html;              index  index.html index.htm;          }          error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;          location = /50x.html {              root   html;          }        }    }

7、檢查配置文件語法

[root@localhost conf]# nginx -t

  nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok  nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

8、啟動nginx

[root@localhost conf]# nginx

三、安裝tomcat

上傳jdk和tomcat到/opt目錄下
1、解壓jdk和tomcat

[root@localhost opt]# tar zxf jdk-8u144-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@localhost opt]# tar zxf apache-tomcat-8.5.23.tar.gz

2、更名jdk為java

[root@localhost opt]# mv jdk1.8.0_144/ java

3、添加環境變量

[root@localhost opt]# vim ~/.bashrc

  #末行添加如下三行  export JAVA_HOME=/opt/java  export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib  export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin

4、刷新環境變量，查看java版本

[root@localhost opt]# source ~/.bashrc
[root@localhost opt]# java -version

  java version "1.8.0_144"  Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_144-b01)  Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.144-b01, mixed mode)

5、更名tomcat為tomcat8

[root@localhost opt]# mv apache-tomcat-8.5.23 tomcat8

6、修改默認首頁進行測試，兩臺tomcat都需要操作

[root@localhost opt]# cd tomcat8/webapps/ROOT/
[root@localhost ROOT]# vim index.jsp

  #刪除原有的內容，添加如下本機ip，用于測試  #134主機添加如下  

this is 134 server

 

  #132主機添加如下  

this is 132 server

 

7、建立命令軟鏈接，啟動tomcat

[root@localhost ROOT]# ln -s /opt/tomcat8/bin/startup.sh /usr/bin/tomcatup
[root@localhost ROOT]# ln -s /opt/tomcat8/bin/shutdown.sh /usr/bin/tomcatdown
[root@localhost ROOT]# tomcatup #啟動tomcat

  Using CATALINA_BASE:   /opt/tomcat8  Using CATALINA_HOME:   /opt/tomcat8  Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /opt/tomcat8/temp  Using JRE_HOME:        /opt/java  Using CLASSPATH:       /opt/tomcat8/bin/bootstrap.jar:/opt/tomcat8/bin/tomcat-juli.jar  Tomcat started.

8、web網頁用虛擬ip訪問

192.168.70.100
顯示后臺我們設置的tomcat頁面即可，然后關閉一臺tomcat看頁面會不會變

四、mysql主從復制

上傳mysql壓縮包到/opt目錄下
1、解壓mysql

[root@localhost opt]# tar zxf mysql-5.7.21-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tgz
[root@localhost opt]# mv mysql-5.7.21-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 mysql

2、修改配置文件

[root@localhost opt]# vim /etc/my.cnf

  [client]  port = 3306  socket = /tmp/mysql.sock    [mysqld]  character-set-server = utf8mb4  skip_name_resolve = 1  user = mysql  port = 3306  server-id = 1           #注意，備機的mysql，server-id不能與主機相同  socket = /tmp/mysql.sock  basedir = /opt/mysql/  datadir = /opt/mysql/data  pid-file = /opt/mysql/data/mysql.pid  log_bin=/opt/mysql/data/mysql-bin  log-error = /opt/mysql/data/log-error.log  innodb_data_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data  slow-query-log-file=/opt/mysql/data/slow.log  relay-log-index = /opt/mysql/data/relaylog  relay-log-info-file = /opt/mysql/data/relaylog  relay-log = /opt/mysql/data/relaylog  open_files_limit = 10240  table_open_cache = 2048  back_log = 300  max_connections = 10000  max_connect_errors = 20  explicit_defaults_for_timestamp = 1  max_allowed_packet = 64M  thread_cache_size = 300  query_cache_size = 256M  query_cache_limit = 2M  query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k  default-storage-engine = InnoDB  thread_stack = 512K  transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED  tmp_table_size = 256M  max_heap_table_size = 256M  key_buffer_size = 2G  sort_buffer_size = 2M  join_buffer_size = 6M  read_buffer_size = 4M  read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M  bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M  myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M  myisam_max_sort_file_size = 15G  myisam_repair_threads = 1  interactive_timeout = 1800  wait_timeout = 28800  innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:120M;ibdata2:200M;ibdata3:200M:autoextend  innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1G  innodb_thread_concurrency = 0  innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2  innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M  innodb_log_file_size = 512M  innodb_log_files_in_group = 3  innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90  innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120  innodb_purge_threads = 0  slow_query_log = 1  long_query_time = 3  replicate-ignore-db = mysql  replicate-ignore-db = test  replicate-ignore-db = information_schema  #slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,1026,1114,1146,1048,1396    sql_mode=STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION  [mysqldump]  quick  max_allowed_packet = 64M

3、初始化mysql，設置密碼

[root@localhost opt]# ln -s /opt/mysql/bin/* /usr/bin/
[root@localhost opt]# mysql/bin/mysqld –initialize-insecure #初始化
[root@localhost opt]# mysqld_safe & #啟動
[root@localhost opt]# mysqladmin -uroot password #設置密碼
[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p #登陸查看

4、設置mysql主從復制

  #以下在主庫上操作  mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'replication'@'192.168.70.%' identified by '123123' with grant  option;     #授權replication用戶權限    mysql> flush privileges;           #刷新權限    mysql> show master status;   #查看二進制日志位置  +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+  | File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |  +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+  | mysql-bin.000002 |      885 |              |                  |                   |  +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+    #以下在從庫上操作  mysql>  change master to master_host='192.168.70.136',master_user='replication',master_password='123123',,master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=885;    mysql> start slave;    mysql> show slave statusG;  *************************** 1. row ***************************                 Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event                    Master_Host: 192.168.70.136                                      ..........................              Slave_IO_Running: Yes          #要看到這兩項為yes，主從復制成              Slave_SQL_Running: Yes  

5、主庫導入sql語句

[root@localhost opt]# mysql -uroot -p < slsaledb-2014-4-10.sql

6、項目的mysql用戶授權

mysql> grant all on . to 'root'@'%' identified by '123123';
mysql> flush privileges;

五、redis緩存服務器配置

1、下載epel源和redis

[root@localhost opt]# yum install -y epel-release
[root@localhost opt]# yum install redis -y

2、修改配置文件

[root@localhost opt]# vim /etc/redis.conf

  主從服務器    61行 bind 0.0.0.0  從服務器添加  266行 slaveof 192.169.70.136 6379

3、主從服務器啟動redis

[root@localhost opt]# systemctl start redis

4、驗證主從功能

[root@localhost opt]# redis-cli -h 192.168.70.136 -p 6379

  #主服務器寫入  192.168.70.136:6379> set name lisi  OK  192.168.70.136:6379> get name   "lisi"  #從服務器  192.168.70.137:6379> get name     #能獲取值說明主從同步成功  "lisi"

5、搭建主從切換
注：主服務器上操作

[root@localhost opt]# vim /etc/redis-sentinel.conf

  protected-mode no#是否開啟保護模式  sentinel monitor mymaster 192.168.70.137 6379 1 #1表示1臺從  sentinel down-after-milliseconds mymaster 3000  #切換時間為3000毫秒

#主從都啟動群集
[root@localhost opt]# systemctl start redis-sentinel.service

#查看群集狀態

[root@localhost opt]# redis-cli -h 192.168.70.136 -p 26379 info Sentinel

  # Sentinel  sentinel_masters:1  sentinel_tilt:0  sentinel_running_scripts:0  sentinel_scripts_queue_length:0  sentinel_simulate_failure_flags:0   #可以看到下面行有從137  master0:name=mymaster,status=odown,address=192.168.70.137:6379,slaves=0,sentinels=2

六、部署項目

#兩臺tomcat主機上操作
1、上傳項目包，解壓縮到指定目錄

[root@localhost opt]# tar zxf SLSaleSystem.tar.gz -C /opt/tomcat8/webapps/

2、修改tomcat配置文件，確定項目位置

[root@localhost opt]# cd /opt/tomcat8/conf/
[root@localhost conf]# vim server.xml

                  #接近尾行位置添加如下  

3、修改項目文件，指定連接數據庫和redis緩存服務

[root@localhost conf]# cd /opt/tomcat8/webapps/SLSaleSystem/WEB-INF/classes/

  #修改為虛擬ip  url=jdbc:mysql://192.168.70.100:3306/slsaledb?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8  #數據庫授權的用戶  uname=root  #密碼  password=123123

#修改redis緩存服務器ip地址

[root@localhost classes]# vim applicationContext-mybatis.xml

                                                                                                                              #虛擬ip                                                          

4、配置完重新啟動tomcat

[root@localhost classes]# tomcatdown
[root@localhost classes]# tomcatup

5、網頁中訪問
192.168.70.100
#默認賬號admin
#默認密碼123456

6、查看redis緩存服務

[root@localhost opt]# redis-cli -h 192.168.70.136 -p 6379

  192.168.70.136:6379> info  keyspace_hits:2    #找到這兩行，這個是命中次數  keyspace_misses:0

注：點擊進網頁內容出現感嘆屬于正常，緩存服務器需要一段時間緩存內容。
redis緩存服務器主從切換的問題，主宕機，從會頂替上來，但再次啟動主的時候，從不會讓出當前master的角色，除非手動切換，或從宕機。
這個項目是很久很久的一個項目，拿來學習理解下百萬pv架構還行，學習為主，另外想要達到百萬pv，硬件性能是必不可少的，軟件層面上的優化也是必須的。
本文主要介紹百萬pv的架構及其中一些服務之間的關系，謹以介紹學習，實際操作以自己公司環境為主。